A geospatial study of the drought impact on surface water reservoirs: study cases from Texas,USA     

Zachary Asbury 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2019,56(6):894-910

Satellite images have been used historically to measure and monitor fluctuations in the surface water reservoirs. This study integrates remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies to investigate the impact of drought on 10 selected surface water reservoirs in San Angelo and Dallas, Texas. Oscillations in summer and winter months throughout the 2005–2016 period were assessed using multispectral images from Landsat-5, ?7, and ?8, and changes in the reservoirs were characterized and correlated against local climate data of each reservoir. For quantitative comparisons of the time-series measurements, a robust density slicing approach was employed to classify the range of values of the raster cells in the near-infrared band of Landsat images for each lake into three desired classes (deep water, shallow water, and dry area) based on the natural breaks inherent in the dataset. Statistical analysis shows that the overall accuracy of the classification is about 94%, which demonstrates the efficiency of the density slicer to accurately estimate surface water area changes from an individual Landsat band. Shrinkage in the surface water area over the study period reveals the concrete impact that the drought along with other factors have on the 10 selected lakes. The San Angelo lakes located in west central Texas experienced a nearly consistent pattern of change during most of the study period; whereas the Dallas lakes in northeast Texas followed the oscillating pattern of drought and correlated closely to the local conditions. Shockingly, the extreme drought caused complete vanishing of several lakes, and consequently Texas had to remove them from its recreational plans. Our new findings can certainly help with the water resource management in Texas and our study approach can be adapted for monitoring lake oscillations in other areas across the world. This geospatial study demonstrates the societal benefits from incorporating remote sensing and GIS in investigating geo-environmental problems associated with severe climate changes.  相似文献   

Entrepreneurial causation and effectuation logics in a regional context: Assessing the importance of population density     

Jarle Aarstad  Stig-Erik Jakobsen 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2019,73(5):290-300

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the article is to assess whether an entrepreneurial causation or effectuation logic is a function of geographical location in densely populated economic regions versus sparsely populated economic regions. A causation logic implies that the entrepreneur primarily focuses on a predefined goal and further aims to identify the means to reach that goal. By contrast, an effectuation logic implies that the entrepreneur to a larger extent focuses on the means at hand, which she or he aims at materialising into one or more goals that are not necessarily predefined. The empirical data for the study are based on an investigation and evaluation of Norwegian entrepreneurs in business incubation that are located in many different economic regions of the country. Multilevel regression analyses showed that geographical location in sparsely populated economic regions is associated with a causation logic, whereas a location in densely populated economic regions is associated with an effectuation logic. An implication of the article is that entrepreneurial stakeholders, such as policymakers, incubator managers, public and private partners, and entrepreneurs themselves should be aware of differences in causation and effectuation logics between entrepreneurs located in densely versus sparsely populated economic regions.  相似文献   

Dynamic,discontinuous stream networks: hydrologically driven variations in active drainage density,flowing channels and stream order          下载免费PDF全文

S. E. Godsey  J. W. Kirchner 《水文研究》2014,28(23):5791-5803

Despite decades of research on the ecological consequences of stream network expansion, contraction and fragmentation, surprisingly little is known about the hydrological mechanisms that shape these processes. Here, we present field surveys of the active drainage networks of four California headwater streams (4–27 km²) spanning diverse topographic, geologic and climatic settings. We show that these stream networks dynamically expand, contract, disconnect and reconnect across all the sites we studied. Stream networks at all four sites contract and disconnect during seasonal flow recessions, with their total active network length, and thus their active drainage densities, decreasing by factors of two to three across the range of flows captured in our field surveys. The total flowing lengths of the active stream networks are approximate power‐law functions of unit discharge, with scaling exponents averaging 0.27 ± 0.04 (range: 0.18–0.40). The number of points where surface flow originates obey similar power‐law relationships, as do the lengths and origination points of flowing networks that are continuously connected to the outlet, with scaling exponents averaging 0.36–0.48. Even stream order shifts seasonally by up to two Strahler orders in our study catchments. Broadly, similar stream length scaling has been observed in catchments spanning widely varying geologic, topographic and climatic settings and spanning more than two orders of magnitude in size, suggesting that network extension/contraction is a general phenomenon that may have a general explanation. Points of emergence or disappearance of surface flow represent the balance between subsurface transmissivity in the hyporheic zone and the delivery of water from upstream. Thus the dynamics of stream network expansion and contraction, and connection and disconnection, may offer important clues to the spatial structure of the hyporheic zone, and to patterns and processes of runoff generation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

From soil aggregates to riverine flocs: a laboratory experiment assessing the respective effects of soil type and flow shear stress on particles characteristics          下载免费PDF全文

T. Grangeon  I. G. Droppo  C. Legout  M. Esteves 《水文研究》2014,28(13):4141-4155

Particles eroded from hillslopes and exported to rivers are recognized to be composite particles of high internal complexity. Their architecture and composition are known to influence their transport behaviour within the water column relative to discrete particles. To‐date, hillslope erosion studies consider aggregates to be stable once they are detached from the soil matrix. However, lowland rivers and estuaries studies often suggest that particle structure and dynamics are controlled by flocculation within the water column. In order to improve the understanding of particle dynamics along the continuum from hillslopes to the lowland river environment, soil particle behaviour was tested under controlled laboratory conditions. Seven flume erosion and deposition experiments, designed to simulate a natural erosive event, and five shear cell experiments were performed using three contrasting materials: two of them were poorly developed and as such can not be considered as soils, whilst the third one was a calcareous brown soil. These experiments revealed that soil aggregates were prone to disaggregation within the water column and that flocculation may affect their size distribution during transport. Large differences in effective particle size were found between soil types during the rising limb of the bed shear stress sequence. Indeed, at the maximum applied bed shear stress, the aggregated particles median diameter was found to be three times larger for the well‐developed soil than for the two others. Differences were smaller in the falling limb, suggesting that soil aggregates underwent structural changes. However, characterization of particles strength parameters showed that these changes did not fully turn soil aggregates into flocs, but rather into hybrid soil aggregate–floc particles. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

高寒冻土区生物结皮对土壤理化属性的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

明姣  盛煜  金会军  张泽  杜玉霞 《冰川冻土》2021,43(2):601-609

生物结皮是高寒地区地被层的重要组分之一。其作为地表特殊的结构层,能够改变地表结构及土壤理化属性,从而影响冻土环境。迄今为止,关于青藏高原高寒生态系统中生物结皮对土壤理化属性的影响尚不清楚。以青藏高原高寒冻土区生物结皮为研究对象,初步研究了生物结皮的特征及其对土壤理化属性的影响。结果表明：生物结皮在高寒草甸退化过程中广泛发育,主要以藻结皮为主,其盖度可达37.3%~51.7%,结皮层平均厚度为12.6 mm。由于生物结皮的发育,高寒地区5~20 cm土层粉粒含量有所增加,但差异不显著,而结皮层土壤田间持水量相比于裸地表层（2 cm）增加了10%~40%,结皮层容重较裸地降低了30%;两种类型藻结皮均显著增加了结皮层及其下0~20 cm土层土壤有机质,而深色藻结皮增加了结皮层及其下0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量,浅色藻结皮仅增加了结皮层土壤全氮含量,对其下0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量没有显著影响;生物结皮对土壤pH没有显著影响;生物结皮是高寒生态系统植被退化过程中的关键环节。研究结果为揭示生物结皮在高寒生态系统中发挥重要生态功能提供依据。  相似文献   

中国大陆密度和地震波速扰动异常的年龄属性研究     

杨文采 《地质学报》2021,95(1):227-237

大陆动力学研究需要物质随空间和时间的变化的信息。三维密度和地震波速度扰动图像反映岩石圈物质的空间分布,要和大地构造学中的时间尺度信息综合起来,才能恢复动力学作用的过程。本文通过对比不同构造期的构造图和地壳不同深度的地球物理性质图像,研究中国大陆密度以及地震波速度扰动和构造事件的相关度。研究表明,岩石圈地幔的密度和波速扰动和现今板块构造的相关度是高的,说明岩石圈地幔的密度大黏度高,不仅地震波速快得多,物质蠕动的速度也比下地壳慢得多,板块运动产生的变形保存时间比较久。中国大陆中地壳的密度扰动和白垩纪以来的构造事件的相关度是高的,说明中地壳的密度扰动主要反映了白垩纪以来的构造事件。中国大陆上地壳结晶基底的密度扰动和侏罗纪以来的构造事件的相关度是高的,说明上地壳的密度扰动可以反映燕山期的构造事件。对于中国大陆而言,下地壳的波速变化和板块构造没有明显的相关性;不过下地壳深层的密度扰动也反映新构造期的构造事件。其原因可能是因为下地壳的物质黏度比较低,物质蠕动的速度比岩石圈地幔快得多,板块运动产生的变形不容易保存。总之,应用不同深度的密度扰动图像分别推测不同地质时期的地壳构造运动发生的地点和范围是可行的,地壳深层的三维密度扰动成像有可能提供180Ma以来中国大陆地质作用事件的有关信息。  相似文献   

基于DBSCAN算法的孔深测量与地层反演理论研究          下载免费PDF全文

李璇  赵大军 《探矿工程》2021,48(S1):47-51

论文针对地质勘探取心工况复杂、钻进深度大、事故发生率高、岩性复杂、钻进参数难以获取、无法实时掌握钻进状态的难题,在充分调研现有工况识别技术的采集原理、功能种类、现场实测的基础上,结合钻探智能化、自动化的发展方向,运用硬件与软件结合的思想,设计了实时测量钻探参数的方案。论文首次提出使用DBSCAN（针对噪声空间基于分布密度进行聚类的算法）密度聚类法分析钻进参数,结合光电编码器增量的正负性进行工况判别,以获取钻头位置以及钻孔深度。该方案可以判别钻进状态,获取钻进工艺参数,将测量数据作为所钻地层的可钻参数来反演地层。钻机的自动化、智能化研究能获取大量地层资料,有利于推进钻进工艺学发展,实现从经验钻探到智能钻探进的突破。同时,为智能钻进系统奠定基础。  相似文献   

超临界态甲烷密度研究     

张新宾  宋党育  李云波  齐永安  范顺利 《煤田地质与勘探》2021,49(1):137-142,150

超临界甲烷密度不仅是非常规天然气资源量计算与吸附能力测定的重要参数,同时也是衡量超临界甲烷扩散效率与溶解有机物能力的主要指标。通过对比分析各种气体状态方程的适用性,认为基于亥姆霍兹能量基本状态方程可以准确计算0~30 MPa、270~360 K条件下甲烷的密度。利用Microsoft Office Excel编写了甲烷密度的计算程序,与NIST （美国国家标准与技术研究院）商业软件计算结果相比,误差小于0.05%。分析了0~100 MPa、270~360 K范围内甲烷密度的变化规律。结果表明,甲烷密度随压力增大而增大,在低于30 MPa时增速较大且对温度的敏感性较强,高于30 MPa时增速逐渐变缓,且敏感性减弱。在煤层原位条件下随着埋深的增大,甲烷密度随温度升高而减小,随压力增大而增大;在温度与压力共同作用下,甲烷密度呈先增速不变、近似线性增加,后增速逐渐减小、凸曲线形增加的变化规律。游离态甲烷密度受温度的影响比吸附态甲烷小,是深部煤层气资源增量的主要贡献者。研究结果为深部煤层气赋存及其潜力预测提供了基础参数。   相似文献   

免共振沉桩过程对地表振动影响的FLAC3D数值模拟     

魏家斌  王卫东  吴江斌 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2021,51(5):1514-1522

为研究免共振沉桩过程对地表振动影响,采用密度放大法以消除模型桩弹性模量过大对计算效率的影响,在有限差分软件FLAC^3D中建立了相应的连续振动沉桩模型,并和文献中的现场测试结果进行了比较,分析了激振力幅值和振动频率这两个施工参数对地表振动响应的影响。结果表明：密度放大法可有效提高数值模拟的计算效率,模拟沉桩7.0倍桩径（4.9 m）所需计算时间约为12.0 h,数值结果较好地模拟了现场测试中免共振沉桩的地表振动影响;激振力幅值和振动频率均主要对近场（水平距离为5.0倍桩径范围内）的地表振动有明显影响;临界沉桩深度与地表振动影响峰值相对应,该深度随水平距离先增大后趋于稳定;激振力幅值对临界沉桩深度的改变不明显,振动频率对远场临界沉桩深度则有较明显影响。  相似文献   

The relative influence of climate and housing development on current and projected future fire patterns and structure loss across three California landscapes     

《Global Environmental Change》2019

Climate and land use patterns are expected to change dramatically in the coming century, raising concern about their effects on wildfire patterns and subsequent impacts to human communities. The relative influence of climate versus land use on fires and their impacts, however, remains unclear, particularly given the substantial geographical variability in fire-prone places like California. We developed a modeling framework to compare the importance of climatic and human variables for explaining fire patterns and structure loss for three diverse California landscapes, then projected future large fire and structure loss probability under two different climate (hot-dry or warm-wet) and two different land use (rural or urban residential growth) scenarios. The relative importance of climate and housing pattern varied across regions and according to fire size or whether the model was for large fires or structure loss. The differing strengths of these relationships, in addition to differences in the nature and magnitude of projected climate or land use change, dictated the extent to which large fires or structure loss were projected to change in the future. Despite this variability, housing and human infrastructure were consistently more responsible for explaining fire ignitions and structure loss probability, whereas climate, topography, and fuel variables were more important for explaining large fire patterns. For all study areas, most structure loss occurred in areas with low housing density (from 0.08 to 2.01 units/ha), and expansion of rural residential land use increased structure loss probability in the future. Regardless of future climate scenario, large fire probability was only projected to increase in the northern and interior parts of the state, whereas climate change had no projected impact on fire probability in southern California. Given the variation in fire-climate relationships and land use effects, policy and management decision-making should be customized for specific geographical regions.  相似文献